MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

Everything in this universe is made of materials which scientist has names ‘matter’. The matter is made up of very small tiny particles. It is not continuous but is particulate. The matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Particles of matter have space between them and are continuously moving. Particles of matter attract each other.

THREE STATES OF MATTER
Matter can change its state from solid to liquid and from liquid to gas and vice-versa.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE

On increasing the heat, the particles gain energy and start vibrating with greater energy. Due to increased kinetic energy the particles overcome the force of attraction and a new state is obtained.

MELTING POINT

The temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at the atmospheric pressure is called its melting point.

BOILING POINT

The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at the atmospheric pressure is known as its boiling point.

LATENT HEAT OF FUSION

The amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of a solid into liquid at its melting point is called the latent heat of fusion of the solid.

LATENT HEAT OF VAPOURIZATION

The amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of a liquid to vapour at atmospheric pressure, at its boiling point is called the latent heat of vaporization of the liquid.

EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON THE MATTER

On applying pressure, the particles of matter can be brought close together and the state of matter can be changed. For example, CO2 gas can be solidified by applying pressure and lowering temperature.

EVAPORATION

The phenomenon of changing of a liquid into its vapour state at any temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation. Evaporation is a surface phenomenon.

Factors affecting evaporation:

1. An increase in surface area increases evaporation. 
2. An increase in temperature increases the rate of evaporation. 
3. A decrease in humidity increases the rate of evaporation. 
4. An increase in wind speed increases the rate of evaporation. 
5. Evaporation causes a cooling effect. 

SOME MEASURABLE QUANTITIES AND THEIR UNITS

NOTE: Now scientists are talking of five states of matter: Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma and Bose-Einstein Condensate.

PLASMA

  • The state consists of super energetic and super excited particles.
  • These particles are in the form of ionised gases.
  • The fluorescent tube and neon sign bulbs consist of plasma.
  • Inside a neon sign bulb, there is neon gas and inside a fluorescent tube, there is helium gas or some other gas.
  • The gas gets ionised, that is, gets charged when electrical energy flows through it.
  • This charging up creates a plasma glowing inside the tube or bulb.
  • The plasma glows with a special colour depending on the nature of the gas.
  • The Sun and the stars glow because of the presence of plasma in them.
  • The plasma is created in stars because of very high temperature.

BOSE-EINTSEIN CONDENSATE

  • In 1920, Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose had done some calculations for the fifth state of matter.
  • Building on his calculations, Albert Einstein predicted a new state of matter – the Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC).
  • The BEC is formed by cooling a gas of extremely low density, about one-hundred-thousandth the density of normal air, to super-low temperatures.
  • In 2001, Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle and Carl E. Wieman of the USA received the Nobel prize in physics for achieving “Bose-Einstein condensation”.

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